What is one way and two way slab

What is one way slab 

          One way slab supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry the load along one direction. In one way slab the ratio of longer span l to shorter span b is equal or greater than 2.

        = (longer span l/shorter span b)>2

        =(L/b)>2

What is two way slab 

          Two way slab supported by beams on the four sides and the loads are carried by the supports along both directions. It is known as two way slab. The ratio of longer span l to shorter span is less than 2.

        = (l/b)<2

Note: more details information about this article watch video link below. 

https://youtu.be/AaPTOsLGuUQ

What is bricks | types of bricks

What is brick

          A brick is building material used to make walls. Pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally term brick referred to a unite composed of clay, but it is now used to denote rectangular units of clay - bearing soil, sand, lime and concrete materials. 

Types of bricks 

        (i) burnt clay brick 

       (ii) fly ash brick 

      (iii) concrete brick 

(i) What is burnt clay brick

           Burnt clay bricks are the classic form of brick created by pressing wet clay into molds, then drying and firing then in kilns. This is a very old building materials. Type of brick found in many of the ancient structures of the world. 

(ii) What is fly ash brick 

           Fly ash brick is a building materials specifically masonry units containing class fly ash and water compressed at 28 mpa (272 atm) and cured for 24 hours in 66• c steam bath then toughened with an air entrainment agent.

(iii) What is concrete brick 

              Concrete brick is a mixture of cement and aggregate, sand and cement formed in molds and cured. Certain mineral colours are added to produce a concrete brick resembling clay.

Note: watch above information explain in video link below.                       

https://youtu.be/qrZ612_NB-w

                         

How to calculate building loads

Example:                                                                      

Column size = 300mm×450mm

Beam size = 250mm×450mm

Wall thickness = 200mm

Slab thickness = 150mm

(i) column load calculation 

Column height =3.1m

Column volume = 0.3×0.45×3.1                     

                   = 0.418 meter cube 

            = 0.418×2400 kg

   = 1003.2 kg

(Unit weight of concrete = 2400 kg/meter                                 cube )

1% steel provided of column total volume 

                             =(1/100)×0.418×7850 kg

 =32.8 kg

(unit weight of steel = 7850 kg/meter cube)

Total weight of one column = 1003.2+32.8 kg

  = 1036 kg

   = 10.36 kn

(ii) beam weight calculation 

Volume = 0.25×45×1         

                     =0.1125 meter cube 

                = 0.1125×2400 kg 

            = 270 kg/meter 

2%  steel provided of beam total volume 

                              = (2÷100)×0.1125×7850 kg

 = 17.66 kg

Total weight of beam = 270+17.7 kg                

      = 287.7 kg/m

   =2.87 kn/m

Total beam length = (12.4×3)+(7.5×4) m           = 67.2 m   

(iii) brick wall weight calculation 

Volume  = 0.2×1×3.1              

               = 0.62 meter cube 

        = 0.62×2000 kg

   = 1240 kg/m

= 12.4 kn  

(Unit weight of bricks 1600 to 2000 kg/m cube)

Total length of wall = (12.4×2)+(7.5×3)+                             (6×3)+8+3.1

        = 76.4 m

 

(iv) slab weight calculation 

            Volume = 0.15×1×1 m cube 

                  = 0.15 m cube 

                                  = 0.15×2400 kg/m square 

                    = 360 kg/m squar 

0.8% steel provided of slab total volume 

                                 = (0.8÷100)×0.15×7850 kg

                       = 9.42 kg/m square 

Total slab weight = 360+9.42 kg                    

                         = 369.2 kg/m square 

                        = 3.69 kN/m square 

For floor finish = 1 kN/m square          

For live load = 2 kN/m square     

Total slab weight = 3.69+1+2                        

                         = 6.69 kN/m square 

                    = 7 kN/m square 

According to IS-456 2000

Safety of factor = 1.5                    

Total building load = 1875.8 kn               

                     Fos = 1875.8×1.5 kn

                             = 2813.7 kn ans.

 

How to become a good civil engineer

According to the civil engineering skills based knowledge can judge a good civil engineer or not. Similarly the below steps you can analyse yourself that you are a good civil engineer or not. If you follow the given steps you will become a good civil engineer.

Step:1

           Fresh civil engineers should know               how to select proper site for                           building construction.

Step:2

          Fresh civil engineers should know               how to measure plot area and built             up area.

Step:3

           Fresh civil engineers should know               to mark column position. 

Step:4

           Fresh civil engineers should know               how to find out the foundation                      depth and width. 

Step:5

           Fresh civil engineers should know               how to proper excavation of                          footing and pcc thickness. 

Step:6

           Fresh civil engineers should know               the reinforcement details of                           footing and size of footing during                 casting.

Step:7

          Fresh civil engineers should know,              how to find size  of column. 

Step:8

           Fresh civil engineers should know               how  to find size of beam or how to              find depth and breadth of beam.

Step:9

           Fresh civil engineers should know.              how to settlement proper strength              of slab reinforcement details. 

Step:10

            Fresh civil engineers should know               above all steps as well as proper                   construction rule.

For more information about the above mentioned watch video link below. 

https://youtu.be/Rv6T8n5sQh0

What is residential buildings

What is residential buildings. 

         Residential building is defined as the building which provides more than half of its floor area for dwelling purposes. In other words residential building provides sleeping,  accommodation with or without cooking, dining or both facilities. 

Types of residential buildings. 

          (i) single- family home or private                      dwelling 

         (ii) lodging or rooming house 

        (iii) dormitories building 

         (iv) apartments building 

          (v) hotels building 


(i) what is single- family home or private       dwelling .
                 Single houses or private dwellings
are generally owned by members of a single family only. If more than once family residing in that building then it is called as multiple family private dwelling.

(ii) what  is lodging or rooming house 
          Lodging or rooming house are multiple or group of buildings which come under one management. In this case accommodation is provided for separately for different individuals on temporary or permanent basis.

(iii) what is dormitories residential                   building.
                     Dormitories residential building
are another type of residential buildings, in which sleeping accommodation is provided together for different individuals. School, hostel, military barracks etc comes under the dormitories residential building.

(iv) what is apartments. 
             Apartments or flats are large buildings which consists separate dwellings for different families. Apartments are will residues minimum three or more families living independently of each other.

(v) what is hotels
           Hotels are just like lodging houses and also managed by single management but they provide accommodation primarily on temporary basis. Inn, motels etc comes under the hotels category.

For more information about the articles visit website link below.
https://youtu.be/DXk-dn0uXl4

Standard size of rooms in residential buildings

1). Bedroom                        - 10'×12' to 14'×16'

2). Drawing room or         - 14'×16' to 18'×24'
      Living room

3). Dining room                  - 12'×14' to 14'×16'

4). Guest room                    - 10'×12'

5). Verandah                       - 6'×10'

6). Kitchen                           - 8'×13' to 10'×12'

7). Pantry                             - 8'×10'

8). Store room                     - 8'×8' to 10'×12'

9). Bathroom / water closet
     combined                        - 4'×6' to 6'×8'

     separate bathroom       - 4'×6'

     separate water closet   - 4'×4'

10). Garage / parking         - 10'×16' to 16'×20'
     
11). Dressing room            - 6'×6' to 6'×9'

● above all dimensions are taken in 'feet'

Note: for more information about the above mentioned standard size of rooms please watch video link below.
https://youtu.be/3gLuzyiIUCk

Types of buildings as per National Building Code of India

According to the National Building Code of India divided into the 9 groups such as below

Group A - Residential buildings 

Group B - Educational buildings 

Group C - Institutional buildings 

Group D - Assembly buildings 

Group E - Business buildings 

Group F - Marcantile buildings 

Group G - Industrial buildings

Group H - storage buildings 

Group  I - Hazardous buildings 

............explain.........

Group B educational buildings 

         Educational building means a building exclusively used for a school or university or any other competent authority,  involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation incidental to education use, and including a

building for such other uses as research. 

Example: school, college, university and hostel.

Group C Institutional buildings 

          Related to building health care, education, recreation or public works. Construction services teams that specialise in this type of work build everything from hospitals and elementary schools to all three facility and university buildings. 

Group D assembly buildings 

          Assembly building is defined as the place of gathering people for a different purpose such as theatre, hall, drama hall, auditorium, museum, exhibition hall, restaurant, place of worship, dance hall, club house, sport stadium etc is called assembly building. 

Group E business building

          Any building or part in which using for transaction of record there for, offices, banks, all professional establishments, court houses classified as business buildings.

Example: shop, parlour etc.

Group F Mercantile buildings

           A building or part in which used as a shops, stores, market for display and sale of wholesale or retail goods or merchandise, including office, storage and service facility incidental there there to locate in the same building. 

Example:shop, offices, store, market, showroom, for display wholesale or retail. 

Group G industrial buildings 

         Industrial purposes as factories and other premises used for manufacturing, altering repairing, cleaning, washing, breaking up, adapting or processing any articles. 

Example:product fabricated, plant, smoke house, gas palnt ,refinaries, dairies, textile mills and saw mill.

Group H storage buildings 

         Storage building such as warehouse, cold storage, freight depots, transit sheds, store house, trucks, marine terminals, garage, and stables.

Group I Hazardous buildings 

        Hazardous buildings manufacture of highly explosive materials, poisonous fume,

highly corrosive, toxic, acid and other chemical products. 

Example:fiber, poison, chemicals etc.

Note:  for more information about the above the all types watch this video link below. 

https://youtu.be/Bb-nluBPhik
https://youtu.be/5Ygv6YulD8o

What is spacing, effective cover,stirrups and development length

What is spacing. 

  The distance between individual members which is used to separate from each other contact is called spacing. 

Example:

What is effective cover.

         The effective cover is the distance between the centre of steel bar to the concrete bed. The differ in value equal to half the diameter of steel bar.

      

What is stirrup. 

       A stirrup is a loop which is embedded in any concrete structure to hold the main rebars together. Or the stirrups used are generally made out of of a rectangular steel piece which is wrapped around top and bottom bars of the beam.

What is development length. 

        Development length defined as the amount of reinforcement (bar) length needed to be embedded or project into the column to establish the desired bond strength between the concrete and steel. 

RCC column reinforcement details

Estimation of column reinforcement details. With example
Example:
   

                  

More information about the RCC column reinforcement details please watch video link below. 

https://youtu.be/OsvZGt5TZtk

RCC column footing reinforcement details

Example:
             
                      

For more information about the example or full details about footing reinforcement details watch video link below. 

https://youtu.be/hCre-Ma20dE

How to check soil bearing capacity in construction site

Procedure: 

       (i) excavate a pit of required depth.

      (ii) take a iron cube or ball (whose                        dimension and weight are known)

     (iii) drop the cube or ball several times,                from known height on the excavate                pit.

     (iv) calculate the average value of the                    depth.


        R = (w×h)/d

Where
           R - ultimate resistance of soil in kg.

           d - average depth of impression in                         (cm).

          w - weight of solid ball or square cube                   in kg.
     
           h - height of fall ball of cube.


Example:
           Cube weight = 5 kg

          Height of fall = 150 mm

          Depth of impression - 9 cm,8.5 cm,6                                              cm,5 cm and 4 cm


Solution:- 

                  Average depth of impression
         d   = (9+8.5+6+5+4)/5 cm
              = 6.5 cm

         R  = (w×h)/d
              = (5×150)/6.5
              = 115.38 kg

Then, resistance of soil per unite area

               = R/A   kg/cm×cm

               = 115.38/(15×15)   kg/cm×cm
               = 0.51 kg/cm×cm


Safe bearing capacity of soil = R/(A×fos)

fos - resistance of soil per unite area reduce           2 to 3 times

 Safe bearing capacity of soil                                                    = 115.38/(15×15×2) kg/ cm×cm
                        = 0.256 kg/ cm×cm ans.
       

For  more  information  about this topic watch video link below.

https://youtu.be/sRspDdTRbVI

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How to find size of footing

Procedure: requirement

          . Load on it

          . Bearing capacity of soil



Formula = (load + safety factor (10% of                           load))/( bearing capacity of                             soil)


Example: 
                Load = 1500 kN

        Bearing capacity of soil = 200kN/m                                                                square 


Solution: 
                  Given
            Load = 1500 kN

Bearing capacity of soil = 300 kN/m square

      Safety factor = 10% of load
                              = (10/100)×1500
                              = 150 kN

Safe soil bearing = soil bearing                                    capacity       capacity/2
                               = 300/2 kN/ m square
                               = 150 kN / m square


Area of footing =( load + safety factor)/                                         safe soil bearing capacity
                            = (1500+150)/150 m×m
                            = 1650/150 m×m
                            = 11 m×m

Footing size square 
                     a×a = 11 m×m

                         a = 3.316 m ans.
             
                     

How to find size of column

According to IS-456 2000 find out the size of column need.

       . Load

       . Grade of concrete
   
       . Characteristic strength of the                           compression reinforcement

Formula:
                 Pu = (0.4fck×Ac)+(0.67×Fy×Asc)

   Where  Pu = ultimate load
                Fck = characteristic compressive                                strength of the concrete         
                  Ac = Area  of concrete
                  Fy = characteristic strength of the                             compression reinforcement

                 Asc = area of longitudinal                                             reinforcement for concrete 

             

Example: imposed load 2000 kn act on                the column size M20 grade Fe 415                grade steel. Find out the size of                    column.

                         

Solution: 

         

               Given 

                            Pu = 2000 kn

      

                           Fck = 20 N/mm square 

                           Fy   = 415 N/mm square 

Safety factor = 10% of load 

                        = (10/100)×2000 kn 

                        = 200 kn 

     Total load = 2000+200

                        = 2200 kn

   Grosss area= 100%
                Asc  = 1% Ag
                  Ac  = 99% Ag

                   Pu = (0.4×fck×Ac)+(0.67×fy×Asc)

 2200×1000    = (0.4×20×0.99Ag)+                                                  (0.67×415×0.01Ag)
           
  2200×1000   = 7.92Ag+2.7805Ag

  22000×1000 = 10.7005Ag

                   Ag = (2200×1000)/10.7005

                   Ag = 205597.869 mm square

Square size of column

                a×a = 205597.869 mm square
             
                    a = 453.42 mm ans.                     
                     

More information about size of column watch video link below. 

https://youtu.be/kQdKN8-vA_c

What is aggregate

What  is aggregate  

   Aggregate is a granular materials that act as skeleton and filling components in concrete and mortar, such as manufactured sand,natural sand,gravel,crushed stone and recycled concrete. Aggregate has a wide range of application in construction and other industries. 

                           

Types of aggregate 

    (i) coarse aggregate 

    (ii) fine aggregate 

What is coarse aggregate 

         Coarse aggregate will not pass through a sieve with 4.75 mm opening no 4 is portion of the concrete which is made up of the larger stones embedded in the mix concrete contains there ingredients, aggregate size larger than 4.75 mm is called coarse aggregate. 

               

What is fine aggregate 

         If the aggregate size is less than 4.75mm then it is called as fine aggregate. The minimum size of fine aggregate is 0.075mm is using for concreting work.

                   

  

Difference  between coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. 

What is clear cover | minimum clear cover for footing, foundation, plinth beam, column, beam and slab

What is clear cover 

       Clear cover is the distance between the surface of the concrete and surface of the steel rebars.

                           

What is minimum clear cover for reinforcement. 

         (i) minimum clear cover for footing                     50 mm to 75 mm 

      

         (ii) minimum clear cover for plinth                       beam 50 mm to 75 mm

       (iii) minimum clear cover for column 

              40 mm

       (iv) minimum clear cover for beam

              25 mm

        (v) minimum clear cover for slab 

              20 mm

       (vi) minimum clear cover for staircase 

              15 mm 

    

      (vii) minimum clear cover for shear wall

              25 mm

  For more information about minimum clear cover for Rcc construction please watch video link below 

https://youtu.be/XVQCq88GmWg

                             

What is septic tank

What is septic tank. 
       Septic tank is an underground chamber
made of concrete, fiberglass or plastic through which domestic wastewater flows for basic treatment. Organics, but the treatment efficiency is only moderate. Septic tank systems are a type of simple onsite sewage facility.


How to design septic tank for house 

       According to the IS-456 2000 should be design as per person calculate the per person.

          

For more information about the septic tank related please watch video given below link

https://youtu.be/SLYw4O1zDjk

Important software for civil engineers

Civil engineering one of the main branches of technical education part for more information about civil engineering and also need to improve. For improvement we have to learn some important software through the software we can get improvement digital. Given below software name.

         (i) autocad 

        (ii) revit

       (iii) 3d max

       (iv) staad pro 

        (v) mx road

       (vi) civil 3D

      (vii) Microsoft excel

     (viii) Etabs 

        (ix) tekla 

        (x)  ms word

Above software name is specially important for fresh civil engineers 

More information about this watch 

The video given below link

https://youtu.be/naIPbHfBcHc

What is scaffolding

Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support a word crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man made structures.

Types of scaffolding 

        (i) single scaffolding 

       (ii) double scaffolding 

      (iii) cantilever scaffolding 
   
      (iv) suspended scaffolding 

       (v) trestle scaffolding 

      (vi) steel scaffolding 

     (vii) patented scaffolding 


(i) what is single scaffolding 
               Single scaffolding is a generally used for brick masonry and is also called as brick layer's scaffolding. Single scaffolding consists of standard ledgers, putlog etc.
                             

(ii) what is double scaffolding 

                Double scaffolding is generally used for stone masonry also called 

as mason's scaffolding. In stone walls, it is hard to make holes in the wall to support putlogs. So, two rows of scaffolding is constructed to make it strong.

                              

(iii) what is cantilever scaffolding 

                 This a type of scaffolding in which the standards are supported on series of needles and these needles are taken out through holes in the wall. This is called single frame type scaffolding. 

        . When the ground does not having the            capacity to support standard. 

        . When the ground near the wall is to               be free from traffic. 

         . When upper part of the wall is under             construction.

                            

(iv) what is suspended scaffolding 

            In suspended scaffolding, the working platform is suspended from roofs with the help of wire, ropes or chains etc. It can be raised or lowered to our required level. This type of scaffolding is used for repair works pointing, painting etc.

                            

(v) what is trestle scaffolding 

           In trestle scaffolding, the working platform is supported on movable tripod or ladders. This is generally used for work inside the room, such as paintings, repairs etc. Upto a height of 5 m.

                                       

(vi) what is steel scaffolding 

            Steel scaffolding is constructed by steel tubes which are fixed together by steel

couplers or fittings. It is very easy to construct or dismantle. It has greater streng

-th, greater durability and higher fire resistance. It's initial cost is more but it becomes uneconomical in the run.

                          

(vii) what is patented scaffolding 

             Patented scaffolding are made up of steel but these are equipped with special co

-uplings and frames etc. These are ready made scaffolding. 

                           

For more information please visit my YouTube channel link below 

https://youtu.be/zZEYLxBHbAE

How to calculate bricks for house construction

Plot area

         Exterior wall thickness 9" or 9 inch

         Interior wall thickness 4" or 4 inch
         
         Height of walll   10' or 10 feet 




Step:1
          
             Calculate wall length
           
             9" wall = (40+40+25+25)×10
                           = 1300 sqft

            4" wall  = (40+25)×10
                           = 650 sqft

Step:2

      9" wall required 10 bricks per sqft

      4" wall required 5 bricks per sqft

      Number of bricks = (1300×10)+(650×5)
                                       = 16250 bricks

According to above plan design requirement of bricks 16250 for construction.
https://youtu.be/_w30bFPr4go

How to find depth of foundation for house

The minimum depth of foundation for a soil
can be calculated using the following formulla as suggested by rankine.


             


           D = minimum depth of foundation in                     meter
       
           q = intensity of load or safe bearing                        capacity of soil or total building                      load in kn/ m square
            g = density or unite weight of soil in                       kn/m cube
            Q = angle of repose in degree                                   (internal frictional angle of soil)


Example: calculate the minimum depth               required for a foundation to                         transmit a pressure 58 kn/m                           square in a cohesionless soil                         having density 16 kn/m cube and                 angle of repose 20°.

Ans:-
        Given data
           
           Intensity of pressure q = 58 kn/m                                                                   square

           Density of soil = 16 kn/m cube

           Angle of repose = 20°

 Rankine formula

       

      

       D = 58/16×(1-sin20°/1+sin20°)square 

           = 0.871 m 

Note:- according to is-456 2000 minimum depth of foundation should be 1m for any building or house is safe zone.

Video link

https://youtu.be/-GL88CG37_A