Technical terms for civil engineers

● maximum diameter of bar in slab should      not exceed = (1/8)×thickness of slab 

● dimensional tolerance of cube size = 2mm

● standard slope for staircase = 25° to 40°

● volume of one cement

                                      bag = 0.03472 m                                                               cube or 1.22 cft

● 1 inch = 8 soot

● 

How to calculate the cost of one column

Example:

   Column size = 250mm×250mm

   Column height = 3.1 m

   Steel bar used = 4 nos

   Dia of bar        = 12mm 

Stirrup spacing = 150mm

Dia of stirrup     = 8mm

Volume of column = length×breadth×height

                                   = 0.25×0.25×3.1 m cube 

                                   = 0.19375 m cube 

Concrete grade M20 mix ratio-1:1.5:3

1 m cube concrete 

                required - 8 bag cement 

                                 - 15 cft sand

                                 - 30 cft aggregate 

                        Cement = 0.19375×8

                                        = 1.55 bag

   Rate Rs-380 per bag = 1.55×380

                                        = Rs-589

                         Sand     = 0.19375×15 cft

                                        = 2.9 cft

       Rate Rs-45 per cft = 2.9×45 

                                        = Rs-131 

                   Aggregate = 0.19375×30 cft

                                        = 5.81 cft

       Rate Rs-30 per cft = 5.81×30 

                                        = Rs-175

  Steel bar

    (i)  Main bar = 4×3.1 m

                            = 12.4 m

            Weight   = (D×D× length)/162  kg

                            = (12×12×12.4)/162  kg

                            = 11.02 kg

 

       (ii) stirrup  bar             

 No. of stirrup  = (height/spacing )+1

                            = (3.1/0.150)+1

                            = 21.66 

                 Let     = 22 nos

Total stirrup length = 22×0.648 m

                                     = 14.25 m

                  Weight      = (D×D×length)/162 kg

                                     = (8×8×14.25)/162 kg

                                     = 5.62 kg

  Total steel weight   = 11.02+5.62 kg

                                     = 16.64 kg

                              Let = 17 kg

    Rate Rs-50 per kg = 17×50 

                                    = Rs-850

Total column cost = 589+131+175+850

                                   = Rs-1745 ans.

  

1000 sqft slab casting cost 2020

        

  

  Slab size = 25×40 sqft 

                              = 1000 sqft 

 Slab thickness = 150 mm

   

         Beam size = 225mm×300mm

Volume of slab = 1000×0.5  cft

                              = 500 cft

                           

Horizontal beam

              volume = (length×breadth

                                 ×depth×no of beam)

                             = (25×0.75×(1-0.5)×4)

                             = 37.5 cft

Vertical beam

            volume  = (40-(4×0.75)×0.75×

                                (1-0.5)×3)

                            = 41.625 cft

Total slab volume = 500+37.5+41.625 cft

                                    = 579.12 cft

         Cft to m cube = 579.12÷35.315

                                    = 16.40 m cube 

Ready mix concrete

                         (RMC) = Rs-4500/m cube 

Total concrete cost = 16.40×4500

                                      = Rs-73800

Labour cost               = Rs-750/m cube 

                                      = 16.4×750 

                                      = Rs-12300

Total slab casting

                             cost = 73800+12300

                                      = Rs-86100

Note: for more information about the civil engineering watch video link below. 

https://youtu.be/ftzMHZcTpN8

                                           

House construction cost of 2000 sqft and materials quantity

  

   Class-A building cost

    Rs-1600 to Rs-2500 per sqft 

  Class-B building cost

   Rs-1000 to Rs-1200 per sqft 

  Class-C building cost

  Rs-750 to Rs-900 per sqft 

Materials quantity 

     1. Cement = 800 bags

     2. Sand      = 3000 cft

     3. Aggregate = 2000 to 2500 cft

     4. Steel bar   = 7 to 8 ton

     5. Bricks        = 18000 to 20000 

S.no    Items              %              cost

1.        Labour             25%          Rs-600000

2.        Bricks               12%          Rs-288000

3.        Cement             13%          Rs-312000

4.        Steel bar           10%          Rs-240000

5.        Sand and 

           Aggregate         7%            Rs-168000

6.        Doors and

           Windows          12%          Rs-288000

7.        Electric work   8%            Rs-192000

8.        Water and 

           Sewage              10%          Rs-240000

9.        Extra                  3%            Rs-72000

Grade of concrete and mix ratio

How to calculate load carrying capacity of the column

Example:

    Load = 400 kN

    Column size = 300mm×300mm

  No of steel bar used in column 4 nos

Diameter of bar used in column = 16mm

M20 grade concrete used 

Grade of steel = Fe 415 

  Formula:

     

     Pu = (0.4fck.Ac)+(0.67fy Asc)

   ( From IS-456 2000 code page no 71)

Where .

     Pu = axial load on the member

     Ac = area of concrete 

    fck = characteristic compressive 

              strength of the concrete 

      fy = characteristic strength of the

              compression reinforcement 

   Asc = area of longitudinal reinforceme

              -nt for column

      fck = 20

        fy = 415 

    Ac = Ag-Asc

    Ag = gross area of column 

    Ag = 300×300 mm square 

          = 90000 mm square 

   Asc = 4×((3.14×16×16)÷4) mm square 

           = 804.24 mm square 

    Ac = (90000-804.24) mm square 

          = 89196 mm square 

   Pu = (0.4×20×89196)+(0.67×415×804)

         = 937120.1 N

         = 937.1 kN ans.

According to the IS-456 2000 

Safety of factor = load /1.5

                               = 624.74 kN

Note: for more information watch video link below. 

https://youtu.be/pFDmAt0EWvE

    

How to calculate slab self weight

Example:

    Slab size = 3m×5m

                     = 15 m square 

  Slab Thickness = 0.15m or 15cm or 150mm

 Concrete density = 2400 kg/meter cube 

 Steel density         = 7850 kg/meter cube 

 Volume of slab = 0.15×1×1 m square 

                             = 0.15 m cube   

                             = 0.15×2400 kg/m square 

                             = 360 kg/m  square 

 0.8% steel provided to

 the total slab volume = (0.8/100)×0.15×7850

                                         = 9.42 kg/m square 

 Slab self weight = 360+9.42 kg/m square 

                               = 369.42 kg/m square 

                               = 3.69 kN/m square 

        Live load      = 2kN/m square 

        Dead load    = 1 kN/m square 

Slab self weight = 3.69+2+1 kN/m square 

                              = 6.69 kN/m square 

Total slab self weight = 6.69×15 kN

                                          = 100.35 kN ans.

According to IS-456 2000 

 Safety of factor = 1.5×load 

                     SOF  = 1.5×100.35 kN

                              = 150.52 kN

How to calculate beam self weight

Example:

   Beam size = 300mm×450mm

  Beam length = 4.5 m

:. Concrete density = 2400 kg/m cube 

:. Steel density         = 7850 kg/m cube 

Volume of beam = 0.3×0.45×1 m cube 

                               = 0.135 m cube 

    In kg                  = 0.135×2400 kg

                               = 324 kg/m

2% steel provided to the total beam volume 

                               = (2/100)×0.135×7850 kg

                               = 21.19 kg/m

Self weight of beam = 324+21.19 kg/m 

                                      = 345 kg/m 

Total beam self weight = 345×4.5 kg

                                              = 1552.5 kg ans.

Note:according to the practical experience and also according to the IS-456 2000 code more information watch video link below. 

               https://youtu.be/eS7zFyZ3zeM       

How to transfer load from slab to foundation through column

Example:

        Built up area = 39.372 ft ×39.372 ft 

         Column size = 300mm×300mm

             Beam size = 250mm×375mm

    Column height = 3.1 m

Concrete density = 2400 kg/m cube 

       Steel density = 7850 kg/m cube 

    Slab thickness = 150mm

(i) column self weigh = 0.3×0.3×3.1 m cube 

                                          = 0.279 m cube 

                                          = 0.279×2400 kg

                                          = 669.6 kg

   1% steel provided to the total column volume                            = (1/100)×0.279×7850 

                                          = 21.9 kg

      column self weight = 669.6+21.9 kg

                                          = 692 kg

                                          = 6.92 kN

                                          = 7 kN

(ii) beam self  weight = 0.25×0.375×1

                                          = 0.09375 m cube  

                                          = 0.09375×2400 kg

                                          = 225 kg

2% steel provided to the 

total beam volume=(2/100)×0.09375×7850kg

                                  = 14.71 kg/m

          beam self weight = 225+14.71 kg

                                          = 240 kg

                                          = 2.4 kN/m

(iii) slab self weight = 0.15×1×1 m cube 

                                       = 0.15 m cube 

                                       = 0.15×2400 kg

                                       = 360 kg

0.8% steel provided to the total slab volume 

                               = (0.8/100)×0.15×7850 kg

                               = 9.42 kg

Slab self  weight = 360+10 kg

                               = 370 kg

                               = 3.7 kN                                          

Floor finish load = 1kN/m square 

             Live load = 2 kN/m square     

Slab  self  weight=3.7 +1+2 kN

                               = 6.7 kN/m square 

                               = 7kN/m square 

Total load acting on the foundation in one column        = 7+(2.4×8)+(7×16) kN

                               = 138.2 kN/column ans.

With safety factor = 138.2×1.5 kN

                                  = 207.3 kN/column. 

Note: for more information about this topic watch video link below. 

https://youtu.be/4YQSUaonoiE

              

               

                                                

                                           

How to calculate reinforcement details of beam

Example:

Column size = 230mm×300mm 

Length of beam = 15 feet 

Dia of main bar used in beam

                        = 12mm

Number of bars = 4 nos

Diameter of stirrup bar = 8mm

Spacing of stirrup = 150mm

Total length of main bars = 15×4 feet

                                     = 60 feet 

Total length of main

             bar in meter = 60/3.28 m

                                     = 18.29 m

                                     = 19 m

Total weight of main 

                             bar = ((D×D)/162)×length 

                                    = ((12×12)/162)×19 kg

                                    = 16.88 kg

                                    = 17 kg

Number  of stirrup bar = 15 /3.28 m

                                           = 4.57 m

                                           = (4.57/0.15)+1

                                           = 32 nos

    

Cutting length of stirrup = 2(a+b)+hook                                        length-(no of bend×2d)

        a= breadth-(2×spacing)-(2d)

          = 230-(2×25)-(2×8)

          = 164mm

       b = depth-(2×spacing)-(2d)

          = 300-(2×25)-(2×8) mm

          = 234mm

      L = 2(164+224)+(2×10×8)-(3×2×8) mm

         = 908mm

         = 0.908  m

Total stirrup length = 0.908×32 m

                                     = 29.05 m

Total weight of stirrup steel bar 

                                     = ((d×d)/162)×length 

                                     = ((8×8)/162)×29.05 kg

                                     = 11.47 kg

                                     = 12kg

Total steel bar required for beam

                                     = 17+12 kg

                                     = 29 kg ans. 

Note:  for more details information watch video link below. 

https://youtu.be/FOPy6HZUHmg

           

     

How to calculate slab reinforcement details

Example:

             

    

            Spacing c/c = 150 mm

   

            Bar used = 10 mm dia

            Slab size = 12m× 6m

Number of main bar provided on the slab 

                             

                             = (12/0.15)+1

                             = 81 nos

Number of distribution bar provided on the slab 

                             = (6/0.15)+1

                             = 41 nos

Total Length of 

            main bar = 81×6 m

                              = 486 m

Total length of 

distribution bar = 41×12 m

                              = 492 m

Total steel bar 

length on slab    = 486m+492m

                              = 978 m

Total weight of steel bar required to the slab                      

                              = ((D×D)/162)×length 

                              = ((10×10)/162)×978 m

                              = 603.7 kg

                              = 604 kg ans.

                              

What is one way and two way slab

What is one way slab 

          One way slab supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry the load along one direction. In one way slab the ratio of longer span l to shorter span b is equal or greater than 2.

        = (longer span l/shorter span b)>2

        =(L/b)>2

What is two way slab 

          Two way slab supported by beams on the four sides and the loads are carried by the supports along both directions. It is known as two way slab. The ratio of longer span l to shorter span is less than 2.

        = (l/b)<2

Note: more details information about this article watch video link below. 

https://youtu.be/AaPTOsLGuUQ

What is bricks | types of bricks

What is brick

          A brick is building material used to make walls. Pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally term brick referred to a unite composed of clay, but it is now used to denote rectangular units of clay - bearing soil, sand, lime and concrete materials. 

Types of bricks 

        (i) burnt clay brick 

       (ii) fly ash brick 

      (iii) concrete brick 

(i) What is burnt clay brick

           Burnt clay bricks are the classic form of brick created by pressing wet clay into molds, then drying and firing then in kilns. This is a very old building materials. Type of brick found in many of the ancient structures of the world. 

(ii) What is fly ash brick 

           Fly ash brick is a building materials specifically masonry units containing class fly ash and water compressed at 28 mpa (272 atm) and cured for 24 hours in 66• c steam bath then toughened with an air entrainment agent.

(iii) What is concrete brick 

              Concrete brick is a mixture of cement and aggregate, sand and cement formed in molds and cured. Certain mineral colours are added to produce a concrete brick resembling clay.

Note: watch above information explain in video link below.                       

https://youtu.be/qrZ612_NB-w

                         

How to calculate building loads

Example:                                                                      

Column size = 300mm×450mm

Beam size = 250mm×450mm

Wall thickness = 200mm

Slab thickness = 150mm

(i) column load calculation 

Column height =3.1m

Column volume = 0.3×0.45×3.1                     

                   = 0.418 meter cube 

            = 0.418×2400 kg

   = 1003.2 kg

(Unit weight of concrete = 2400 kg/meter                                 cube )

1% steel provided of column total volume 

                             =(1/100)×0.418×7850 kg

 =32.8 kg

(unit weight of steel = 7850 kg/meter cube)

Total weight of one column = 1003.2+32.8 kg

  = 1036 kg

   = 10.36 kn

(ii) beam weight calculation 

Volume = 0.25×45×1         

                     =0.1125 meter cube 

                = 0.1125×2400 kg 

            = 270 kg/meter 

2%  steel provided of beam total volume 

                              = (2÷100)×0.1125×7850 kg

 = 17.66 kg

Total weight of beam = 270+17.7 kg                

      = 287.7 kg/m

   =2.87 kn/m

Total beam length = (12.4×3)+(7.5×4) m           = 67.2 m   

(iii) brick wall weight calculation 

Volume  = 0.2×1×3.1              

               = 0.62 meter cube 

        = 0.62×2000 kg

   = 1240 kg/m

= 12.4 kn  

(Unit weight of bricks 1600 to 2000 kg/m cube)

Total length of wall = (12.4×2)+(7.5×3)+                             (6×3)+8+3.1

        = 76.4 m

 

(iv) slab weight calculation 

            Volume = 0.15×1×1 m cube 

                  = 0.15 m cube 

                                  = 0.15×2400 kg/m square 

                    = 360 kg/m squar 

0.8% steel provided of slab total volume 

                                 = (0.8÷100)×0.15×7850 kg

                       = 9.42 kg/m square 

Total slab weight = 360+9.42 kg                    

                         = 369.2 kg/m square 

                        = 3.69 kN/m square 

For floor finish = 1 kN/m square          

For live load = 2 kN/m square     

Total slab weight = 3.69+1+2                        

                         = 6.69 kN/m square 

                    = 7 kN/m square 

According to IS-456 2000

Safety of factor = 1.5                    

Total building load = 1875.8 kn               

                     Fos = 1875.8×1.5 kn

                             = 2813.7 kn ans.

 

What is hook

Hook is provided in stirrup for the reasons.

(i) hooks are provided for resist seismic movement

(ii) to prevent concrete from splitting outward. 

(iii) it prevent slippage of steel from the concrete. 

(iv) to keep longitudinal steel bars in position and hold steel tighty.

How to calculate cutting length of stirrup 

        According to the is-456 2000 formula 

 L = 2( a+b)+hook length - bend

L = 2(a+b) + 10d - 2Nd

Where d- diameter of stirrup bar

             a- length of column size 

            b- breadth of column size 

            L- total length of stirrup 

            N- number of bend

                  

How to become a good civil engineer

According to the civil engineering skills based knowledge can judge a good civil engineer or not. Similarly the below steps you can analyse yourself that you are a good civil engineer or not. If you follow the given steps you will become a good civil engineer.

Step:1

           Fresh civil engineers should know               how to select proper site for                           building construction.

Step:2

          Fresh civil engineers should know               how to measure plot area and built             up area.

Step:3

           Fresh civil engineers should know               to mark column position. 

Step:4

           Fresh civil engineers should know               how to find out the foundation                      depth and width. 

Step:5

           Fresh civil engineers should know               how to proper excavation of                          footing and pcc thickness. 

Step:6

           Fresh civil engineers should know               the reinforcement details of                           footing and size of footing during                 casting.

Step:7

          Fresh civil engineers should know,              how to find size  of column. 

Step:8

           Fresh civil engineers should know               how  to find size of beam or how to              find depth and breadth of beam.

Step:9

           Fresh civil engineers should know.              how to settlement proper strength              of slab reinforcement details. 

Step:10

            Fresh civil engineers should know               above all steps as well as proper                   construction rule.

For more information about the above mentioned watch video link below. 

https://youtu.be/Rv6T8n5sQh0

What is residential buildings

What is residential buildings. 

         Residential building is defined as the building which provides more than half of its floor area for dwelling purposes. In other words residential building provides sleeping,  accommodation with or without cooking, dining or both facilities. 

Types of residential buildings. 

          (i) single- family home or private                      dwelling 

         (ii) lodging or rooming house 

        (iii) dormitories building 

         (iv) apartments building 

          (v) hotels building 


(i) what is single- family home or private       dwelling .
                 Single houses or private dwellings
are generally owned by members of a single family only. If more than once family residing in that building then it is called as multiple family private dwelling.

(ii) what  is lodging or rooming house 
          Lodging or rooming house are multiple or group of buildings which come under one management. In this case accommodation is provided for separately for different individuals on temporary or permanent basis.

(iii) what is dormitories residential                   building.
                     Dormitories residential building
are another type of residential buildings, in which sleeping accommodation is provided together for different individuals. School, hostel, military barracks etc comes under the dormitories residential building.

(iv) what is apartments. 
             Apartments or flats are large buildings which consists separate dwellings for different families. Apartments are will residues minimum three or more families living independently of each other.

(v) what is hotels
           Hotels are just like lodging houses and also managed by single management but they provide accommodation primarily on temporary basis. Inn, motels etc comes under the hotels category.

For more information about the articles visit website link below.
https://youtu.be/DXk-dn0uXl4

Standard size of rooms in residential buildings

1). Bedroom                        - 10'×12' to 14'×16'

2). Drawing room or         - 14'×16' to 18'×24'
      Living room

3). Dining room                  - 12'×14' to 14'×16'

4). Guest room                    - 10'×12'

5). Verandah                       - 6'×10'

6). Kitchen                           - 8'×13' to 10'×12'

7). Pantry                             - 8'×10'

8). Store room                     - 8'×8' to 10'×12'

9). Bathroom / water closet
     combined                        - 4'×6' to 6'×8'

     separate bathroom       - 4'×6'

     separate water closet   - 4'×4'

10). Garage / parking         - 10'×16' to 16'×20'
     
11). Dressing room            - 6'×6' to 6'×9'

● above all dimensions are taken in 'feet'

Note: for more information about the above mentioned standard size of rooms please watch video link below.
https://youtu.be/3gLuzyiIUCk

Types of buildings as per National Building Code of India

According to the National Building Code of India divided into the 9 groups such as below

Group A - Residential buildings 

Group B - Educational buildings 

Group C - Institutional buildings 

Group D - Assembly buildings 

Group E - Business buildings 

Group F - Marcantile buildings 

Group G - Industrial buildings

Group H - storage buildings 

Group  I - Hazardous buildings 

............explain.........

Group B educational buildings 

         Educational building means a building exclusively used for a school or university or any other competent authority,  involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation incidental to education use, and including a

building for such other uses as research. 

Example: school, college, university and hostel.

Group C Institutional buildings 

          Related to building health care, education, recreation or public works. Construction services teams that specialise in this type of work build everything from hospitals and elementary schools to all three facility and university buildings. 

Group D assembly buildings 

          Assembly building is defined as the place of gathering people for a different purpose such as theatre, hall, drama hall, auditorium, museum, exhibition hall, restaurant, place of worship, dance hall, club house, sport stadium etc is called assembly building. 

Group E business building

          Any building or part in which using for transaction of record there for, offices, banks, all professional establishments, court houses classified as business buildings.

Example: shop, parlour etc.

Group F Mercantile buildings

           A building or part in which used as a shops, stores, market for display and sale of wholesale or retail goods or merchandise, including office, storage and service facility incidental there there to locate in the same building. 

Example:shop, offices, store, market, showroom, for display wholesale or retail. 

Group G industrial buildings 

         Industrial purposes as factories and other premises used for manufacturing, altering repairing, cleaning, washing, breaking up, adapting or processing any articles. 

Example:product fabricated, plant, smoke house, gas palnt ,refinaries, dairies, textile mills and saw mill.

Group H storage buildings 

         Storage building such as warehouse, cold storage, freight depots, transit sheds, store house, trucks, marine terminals, garage, and stables.

Group I Hazardous buildings 

        Hazardous buildings manufacture of highly explosive materials, poisonous fume,

highly corrosive, toxic, acid and other chemical products. 

Example:fiber, poison, chemicals etc.

Note:  for more information about the above the all types watch this video link below. 

https://youtu.be/Bb-nluBPhik
https://youtu.be/5Ygv6YulD8o